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Biology
Genetic Transformation - María Alvarez, 328 Pages
- Genetic transformation of plants has revolutionized both basic and applied plant research. Plant molecular biology and physiology benefit from this power fool, as well as biotechnology. This book is a review of some of the most significant achievements that plant transformation has brought to the fields of Agrobacterium biology, crop improvement and, flower, fruit and tree amelioration. Also, it examines their impact on molecular farming, phytoremediation and RNAi tools.- Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a Gram-negative soil phytopathogenic bacterium that causes the crown gall disease of dicotyledonous plants, which is characterized by a tumorous phenotype. It induces the tumor by transferring a segment of its Ti plasmid DNA (transferred DNA, or T-DNA) into the host genome and genetically transforming the host. One century has past after A. tumefaciens was firstly identified as the causal agent of crown gall disease (Smith & Townsend, 1907). However, A. tumefaciens is still central to diverse fields of biological and biotechnological research, ranging from its use in plant genetic engineering to representing a model system for studies of a wide variety of biological processes, including bacterial detection of host signaling chemicals, intercellular transfer of macromolecules, importing of nucleoprotein into plant nuclei, and interbacterial chemical signaling via autoinducer-type quorum sensing (McCullen & Binns, 2006; Newton & Fray, 2004; Pitzschke & Hirt, 2010). Therefore, the molecular mechanism underlying the genetic transformation has been the focus of research for a wide spectrum of biologists, from bacteriologists to molecular biologists to botanists. 1.1 History of Agrobacterium tumefaciens research A. tumefaciens is capable of inducing tumors at wound sites of hundreds of dicotyledonous plants, and some monocots and gymnosperms (De Cleene and De Ley, 1976), which may happen on the stems, crowns and roots of the host. At the beginning of the last century, crown gall disease was considered a major problem in horticultural production. This disease caused significant loss of crop yield in many perennial horticultural crops (Kennedy, 1980), such as cherry (Lopatin, 1939), apple (Ricker et al., 1959), and grape (Schroth et al., 1988). All these horticultural crops are woody species and propagated by grafting scions onto rootstocks. The grafting wounds are usually covered by soil and thus provide an excellent infection point for the soil-borne A. tumefaciens. In 1941, it was proved that crown gall tumor tissue could be permanently transformed by only transient exposure to the pathogen of A. tumefaciens (White and Braun, 1941). Thereafter, a ‘tumor-inducing capacity’ was proposed to be transmitted from A. tumefaciens to plant tissue (Braun, 1947; Braun and Mandle, 1948). Twenty years late, molecular techniques provided the first evidence that crown gall tumors, cultured axenically, contained DNA of A. tumefaciens origin, which implied that host cells were genetically transformed by Agrobacterium (Schilperoort et al., 1967). In 1974, the tumorinducing (Ti) plasmid was identified to be essential for the crown gall-inducing ability (Van Larebeke et al., 1974; Zaenen et al., 1974). Southern hybridization turned out to prove that the bacterial DNA transferred to host cells originates from the Ti plasmid and ultimately resulted in the discovery of T-DNA (transferred DNA), specific segments transferred from A. tumefaciens to plant cells (Chilton et al., 1977; Chilton et al., 1978; Depicker et al., 1978). The T-DNA is referred to as the T-region when located on the Ti-plasmid. The T-region is delimited by 25-bp directly repeated sequences, which are called T-DNA border sequences. The T-DNAs, when transferred to plant cells, encode enzymes for the synthesis of (1) the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin and (2) strain-specific low molecular weight amino acid and sugar phosphate derivatives called opines. The massive accumulation of auxin and cytokinin in transformed plant cells causes uncontrolled cell proliferation and the synthesis of nutritive opines that can be metabolized specifically by the infecting A. tumefaciens strain.
| Nguồn | : Internet |
| Tác giả | : María Alvarez |
| Kiểu tập tin | |
| Độ lớn tập tin | : 16MB |
| Đăng bởi | : Thanh Ngoc |
| Cập nhật | : 21.10.2011 |
| Số lượt xem | : 354 |
| Số lượt tải | : 3 |
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